Rules to Taking Panoramas Tutorial

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All of the rules are important to get great panoramas.  They will save you time and create a consistent pattern to your technique. 
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These photos were shot without a tripod.  It's okay that they run downhill a bit as long as the vertical lines are all perpendicular (mandatory).  You can shoot free handed, you'll have better results with a tripod. When shooting a full 360 degree view, you'll want the last picture to overlap the first picture and line up horizontally.

The "stitched" thumbnail above has been reduced for quick web viewing.  The original photos were taken with a 2.1 mega-pixel camera and the output prints beautifully at 13" high by 28" wide.  Clear pictures are easy, follow the rules for photographing panoramas for great results.
 

Rules for Photographing Panoramas

1)  Set your tripod level
2)  Set your camera level.  
We recommend turning the camera to portrait (tall not wide) to give you a taller field of view.  Either way, (portrait or landscape) it is very important to be accurate.  Use a pole or building corner in the viewfinder to align the camera vertically.  Make sure the tripod shoe and clamps are secure.  Your don't want the camera to change angles throughout the shoot.  Your digital camera will display portrait shots laying on their side which is easy for us to correct.
3)  Adjust the camera settings for your main subject.  
All pictures should have the same focal length, filters, white balance, and exposure.  The widest angle setting will produce consistent results.  The final, stitched image can be cropped to effectively "zoom in."  Do not change any settings throughout the shooting process.  
4)  Avoid objects in short range.  
Especially on interior shots, try to position the camera away from objects too close.  Using auto-focus is suggested, but it can change your focus on nearby objects.
5)  Shoot sufficient overlap.   
Use the calibration marks on your tripod to accurately pan the camera between shots.  The standard 360 panorama is 18 pictures (20 degrees / shot.)  If your tripod does not have calibration marks, just overlap each picture by 50%.  More is better, it makes adjustments easier.  For any difficult situation, multiple light sources, variable light, objects in the foreground, windy days, or others you encounter, shoot in 10 degree increments.  (36 pictures for a full panorama, approx. 90% overlap).
6)  Start shooting left of your main subject and proceed clockwise.   
Your standing in the middle of a clock, your main subject is at 12 o'clock, take your first picture at 10 o'clock.  This helps us in processing your panorama and makes it easier for you to be consistent.
7)  Shield your lens from direct sunlight for each picture.   
I just hold a clipboard up to cast a shadow over the camera while shooting.  As your angle approaches and leaves the sunlight it will cause a reflection in the lens.  This is difficult to hide in the stitching process.  Do this for every shot in the sequence.
8)  Including moving objects in your panorama.   
It's okay to have a moving car, person, or animal in your pictures.  Let them move out of the view of your next picture in the series so they don't appear twice.  
9)  Time lapse between pictures.  
The time between taking each picture is only several seconds but it creates a unique paradox.  This time delay can allow a movable object to appear in your panorama more than once or create odd subjects.
Example:  Two people playing tennis in your panorama.  Player one is serving in one of your pictures.  By the time you photograph around to player two, they are returning a volley.  Your panorama will have both players hitting at the same time. 

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